He had, for example, built an opulent château at Vaux-le-Vicomte where he entertained Louis and his court ostentatiously, as if he were wealthier than the king himself. Louis' patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. In addition, France also contested shorter wars, such as the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. La Mort de Louis XIV. On the other hand, petitions addressed either directly to Louis or to his ministers exploited the traditional imagery and language of monarchy. The revenues of the royal domain were raised from 80,000 livres in 1661 to 5.5 million livres in 1671. Other scholars counter that there was little reason to reform institutions that largely worked well under Louis. Burgundy's elder son, Louis, Duke of Brittany, joined them a few weeks later. It was Louis XIV’s habit to leave Versailles at times and retreat to Marly-le-Roi, where he had built a, compared to Versailles, small château. [107], Louis greatly emphasized etiquettes in ballet dancing, evidently seen in "La belle danse" (the French noble style). August 1715. Parliament declared the throne vacant, and offered it to James's daughter Mary II and his son-in-law and nephew William. In addition, most of the princes refused to deal with Mazarin, who went into exile for a number of years. Mazarin soon supported the Queen's position because he knew that her support for his power and his foreign policy depended on making peace with Spain from a strong position and on the Spanish marriage. Louis pressed her claims to land and chattels, hoping the latter, at least, would be given to her. The members of that council were called ministers of state. [94] This included banning opera and comedy performances during Lent. French diplomacy secured Bavaria, Portugal, and Savoy as Franco-Spanish allies.[83]. Eventually, therefore, Louis decided to accept Charles II's will. without my command; to render account to me personally each day and to favor no one". [110], Louis died of gangrene at Versailles on 1 September 1715, four days before his 77th birthday, after 72 years on the throne. Austria, ruled by the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, ceded all Habsburg lands and claims in Alsace to France and acknowledged her de facto sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul. From farther afield, Siam dispatched an embassy in 1684, reciprocated by the French magnificently the next year under Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont. Europeans generally began to emulate French manners, values, goods, and deportment. From 1647 to 1711, the three chief physicians to the king (Antoine Vallot, Antoine d'Aquin, and Guy-Crescent Fagon) recorded all of his health problems in the Journal de Santé du Roi (Journal of the King's Health), a daily report of his health. The War of the League of Augsburg, which lasted from 1688 to 1697, initiated a period of decline in Louis's political and diplomatic fortunes. The Sun King as Louis XIV is often referred to created a model for absolutism, made France Europe's leading political and military … [64] With the advent of the French Revolution in 1789, Protestants were granted equal rights with their Roman Catholic counterparts. On 29 August a man who claimed to have a miracle cure, one Brun, was granted permission to approach the royal bed. The gangrene worsened, and on the 26th it had spread to his bone. Anne was virtually under house arrest for a number of years during her husband's rule. Without royal approval, bishops could not leave France, and appeals could not be made to the Pope. Louis played an Egyptian in Le Mariage forcé in 1664, a Moorish gentleman in Le Sicilien in 1667, and both Neptune and Apollo in Les Amants magnifiques in 1670. Leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle of God. Finance had always been the weak spot in the French monarchy: methods of collecting taxes were costly and inefficient; direct taxes passed through the hands of many intermediate officials; and indirect taxes were collected by private concessionaries, called tax farmers, who made a substantial profit. [24] Louis was able to capitalize on the widespread public yearning for law and order, that resulted from prolonged foreign wars and domestic civil strife, to further consolidate central political authority and reform at the expense of the feudal aristocracy. [75] In any case, peace in 1697 was desirable to Louis, since France was exhausted from the costs of the war. On the death of Mazarin, in March 1661, Louis assumed personal control of the reins of government and astonished his court by declaring that he would rule without a chief minister: "Up to this moment I have been pleased to entrust the government of my affairs to the late Cardinal. His work was adopted and published by Feuillet in 1700. The portrait also became a model for French royal and imperial portraiture down to the time of Charles X over a century later. [68], Another event Louis found threatening was England's Glorious Revolution of 1688. This led to the bombardment of Brussels, in which more than 4,000 buildings were destroyed, including the entire city-center. Depending on one's views of the war's inevitability, Louis acted reasonably or arrogantly. In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the vast Mississippi basin in Louis' name, calling it Louisiane. The Death of Louis XIV Film poster FrenchLa Mort de Louis XIV Directed byAlbert Serra Produced byThierry Lounas Written byAlbert Serra Thierry Lounas StarringJean-Pierre Léaud Music byMarc Verdaguer CinematographyJonathan Ricquebourg Edited byAriadna Ribas Artur Tort Albert Serra Production company Capricci Films Rosa Filmes Bobi Lux Andergraun Films Distributed byCapricci Films Release date 19 May 2016 2 November 2016 Running time 115 minutes CountryFrance Portugal Spain … More challenging skills were required to perform this dance with movements very much resembling court behaviors, as a way to remind the nobles of the king's absolute power and their own status. Pale and in obvious distress, she was put to bed, but her pains were so severe that she believed she must have been poisoned and asked for an antidote. The old military aristocracy (the Noblesse d'épée, or "nobility of the sword") ceased to have a monopoly over senior military positions and rank. It arose from two events in the Rhineland. [92], Louis was a pious and devout king who saw himself as the head and protector of the Catholic Church in France. By keeping him in his post, Anne was giving a sign that the interests of France and her son Louis were the guiding spirit of all her political and legal actions. Louis XIV, the Palace of Versailles, absolute monarchy… Why don’t we take a closer look at the emergence of the nation state in early modern France? Louis XIV’s father Louis XIII put an end to this practice, which he considered unacceptably pagan. Although an attempt to restore James II failed at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, France accumulated a string of victories from Flanders in the north, Germany in the east, and Italy and Spain in the south, to the high seas and the colonies. Between 1693 and 1710, over two million people died in two famines, made worse as foraging armies seized food supplies from the villages. Moreover, a mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to see their king. In the last years of his reign, Louis XIV had to witness the demise of a lot of his family members. Only poverty-stricken Russia exceeded it in population, and no one could match its wealth, central location, and very strong professional army. Anjou was not in the direct line of French succession, thus his accession would not cause a Franco-Spanish union. If the Spanish empire then fell to him, it would have resurrected a domain as vast as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's in the 16th century. [117] Europe came to admire France for its military and cultural successes, power, and sophistication. Secondly, following the proposal of René de Marillac and the Marquis of Louvois, he began quartering dragoons in Protestant homes. On 14 May 1643, with Louis XIII dead, Queen Anne had her husband's will annulled by the Parlement de Paris (a judicial body comprising mostly nobles and high clergymen). While Mazarin might have been tempted for a short period of time to marry his niece to the King of France, Queen Anne was absolutely against this; she wanted to marry her son to the daughter of her brother, Philip IV of Spain, for both dynastic and political reasons. The threat to the royal family prompted Anne to flee Paris with the king and his courtiers. His supporters, however, distinguish the state, which was impoverished, from France, which was not. This military manoeuvre was also intended to protect his eastern provinces from Imperial invasion by depriving the enemy army of sustenance, thus explaining the preemptive scorched earth policy pursued in much of southwestern Germany (the "Devastation of the Palatinate"). He sometimes danced leading roles which were suitably royal or godlike (such as Neptune, Apollo, or the Sun). Louis XIV’s father Louis XIII put an end to this practice, which he considered unacceptably pagan. [101], Rigaud's portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture during Louis' reign. Those Protestants who had resisted conversion were now to be baptised forcibly into the established church. Impelled "by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique," Louis sensed that war was the ideal way to enhance his glory. [12] She left the direction of the daily administration of policy to Cardinal Mazarin. However, on 25 August, the day of Saint Louis, he was forced to remain in bed, and thereafter never left his bedchamber. The next days, the king keeps fulfilling his duties and obligations, but his sleep is troubled and he has a serious fever. Held numerous offices, of which: Legitimised on 22 November 1681. He reputedly had more, but the difficulty in fully documenting all such births restricts the list only to the better-known and/or legitimised. In the case of Maria Theresa, nonetheless, the renunciation was considered null and void owing to Spain's breach of her marriage contract with Louis. It can be used without an Internet connection. In 1714, after losing Landau and Freiburg, the Holy Roman Emperor also made peace with France in the Treaties of Rastatt and Baden. The Death of Louis XIV. On 5 April 1693, Louis also founded the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (French: Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis), a military order of chivalry. He did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council. The Edict of Fontainebleau revoked the Edict of Nantes and repealed all the privileges that arose therefrom. His lack of faith in Queen Anne's political abilities was his primary rationale. He thus offered the entire empire to the Dauphin's second son Philip, Duke of Anjou, provided it remained undivided. [66], In light of his foreign and domestic policies during the early 1680s, which were perceived as aggressive, Louis's actions, fostered by the succession crises of the late 1680s, created concern and alarm in much of Europe. Leopold viewed French expansion into the Rhineland as an increasing threat, especially after their seizure of the strategic Duchy of Lorraine in 1670. Which he did, and for no less than 72 years. However, French armies held significant advantages over their opponents; an undivided command, talented generals like Turenne, Condé and Luxembourg and vastly superior logistics. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio generally had also meant that subjects who refused to convert could emigrate, but Louis banned emigration and effectively insisted that all Protestants must be converted. Thus they do not place much emphasis on Louis' deathbed declarations in assessing his accomplishments. Upon returning from a hunting expedition, King Louis XIV feels a sharp pain in his leg. The Death of Louis XIV, which unspools in chronological fashion, first sees various members of the court ask Louis to join their parties and gatherings, which he politely refuses. Louis XIV - Louis XIV - Final years: In the War of the Spanish Succession the anti-French alliance was reactivated by William of Orange before his death. [43] In 1699, Louis once again received a Moroccan ambassador, Abdallah bin Aisha, and in 1715, he received a Persian embassy led by Mohammad Reza Beg. First, Spanish auteur Albert Serra has a great eye. On January 21, 1793, a public execution will be displayed, Louis XVI will be guillotined in the Palace de la Revolution. His triumphs at the Battles of Fleurus in 1690, Steenkerque in 1692, and Landen in 1693 preserved northern France from invasion.[70]. [31] The dowry was never paid and would later play a part persuading his maternal first cousin Charles II of Spain to leave his empire to Philip, Duke of Anjou (later Philip V of Spain), the grandson of Louis XIV and Maria Theresa. To rectify the situation, Louis chose Jean-Baptiste Colbert as Controller-General of Finances in 1665. Moreover, Louis sent troops to the Spanish Netherlands to evict Dutch garrisons and secure Dutch recognition of Philip V. In 1701, Philip transferred the asiento (the right to supply slaves to Spanish colonies) to France, as a sign of the two nation's growing connections. After going for a walk, Louis XIV feels a pain in his leg. King Louis XIV died in 1715 just a few days before his 77th birthday. [16] The most important arrest, from Anne's point of view, concerned Pierre Broussel, one of the most important leaders in the Parlement de Paris. They were among the most significant means to spread royal propaganda prior to the construction of the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. [18] "In one sense, Louis' childhood came to an end with the outbreak of the Fronde. He stripped Maine and his brother, Louis-Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, of the rank of Prince of the Blood, which Louis had granted them, and significantly reduced Maine's power and privileges. AKA Louis-Dieudonné. Certainly, Rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted the king's costume with great precision, down to his shoe buckle.[102]. After 72 years on the throne, Louis died of gangrene at Versailles on 1 September 1715, four days before his 77th birthday. It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis' uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, known as la Grande Mademoiselle; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called "foreign princes" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne, and Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld. To this very day, no document has been discovered that proves the whole thing, yet it is accepted to have happened by historians all over word. Following the king’s death family quarrels broke out. Tap to unmute. 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