B., Cambridge, M. L., Hovey, R., Krauss, S. L., et al. Ecol. Sci. J. Ecol. Mechanism of the pollination in zostera?? (2017). doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(84)90046-9, Laushman, R. H. (1993). Aquat. XZ, SX, YuZ, PZ, and XW prepared materials and carried out the experiments. During the flowering periods in 2018, seven replicate sediment cores (diameter = 10.5 cm and depth = 12 cm) were collected semimonthly at the four sites. Shelf Sci. Eelgrass restoration by seed maintains genetic diversity: case study from a coastal bay system. 75, 819–835. Additionally, the seeds were similar in size. 53, 967–972. A unique meadow of the marine angiosperm Zostera japonica, covering a large area in the turbid intertidal Yellow River Delta, China. Prog. This phenomenon is similar to the seedling recruitment of Z. japonica at SLL. Reproductive strategy of the intertidal seagrass Zostera japonica under different levels of disturbance and tidal inundation. seagrass meadow, Queensland Australia. The maximum seedling density and frequency at S1 were 82.53 ± 114.26 shoots ⋅ m–2 and 3.83% ± 5.79%, respectively. Physical description. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.004, Zhang, X. M., Zhou, Y., Xu, S. C., Wang, P. M., Zhao, P., Yue, S. D., et al. There was a relatively large number of overwintering shoots at HQB because of the higher average temperature in winter. Restoration recovers population structure and landscape genetic connectivity in a dispersal-limited ecosystem. doi: 10.1007/s00267-013-0172-z. (2019) reported on the temporal and spatial changes in population recruitment in Z. japonica meadows located in the Yellow River Delta, China. Surface pollination is more frequent, and appears to be a transitional phase between wind pollination and true hydrophily. Z. japonica principally occurs in the narrow mid-upper intertidal zone, which is divided into two parts (Zhang et al., 2015). Plant Sci. Mo. Wiley has partnerships with many of the world’s leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. Figure 1. Fishman and Orth (1996) found that seed predation can decrease Z. marina seeds by 65% in a seed bank. Flow chamber observations of the filamentous pollen of Zostera marina L. (Potamogetonales) revealed that pollen rotated and moved toward inflorescences where they were captured by stigmas. The annual maximum temperature was highest at HQB (28.23°C), and the annual minimum temperature was lowest at S2 (−4.56°C). Here, we studied the reproductive strategies of different geographic Zostera japonica populations, S1 and S2 at Swan Lake lagoon (SLL), and H1 and H2 at Huiquan Bay (HQB), in northern China. Ser. 5, 163–170. Ecol. J. Mar. Fish. Ecol. Lond. Aquat. J. Exp. The mating system was examined in two annual populations of eelgrass (Zostera marina), a marine angiosperm displaying subaqueous pollination. Change Biol. R. Soc. The flowering duration at SLL was longer than at HQB. Short, F. T., Kosten, S., Morgan, P. A., Malone, S., and Moore, G. E. (2016). Ecol. The standing stock, growth and shoot production of Zostera capricorni Aschers in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Growth, flowering, and population dynamics of temperate Western Australian seagrasses. Their fate is still unknown. At SLL, the flowering frequency, reproductive effort and the potential seed production were greater than at HQB. The average daily values of the water temperatures were calculated, and the daily temperatures were averaged monthly. Figure 7. At HQB, the reproductive effort was greatest in July during 2018 (31.96% ± 11.97% at H1 and 26.46% ± 25.10 at H2) and 2019 (51.90% ± 13.24% at H1 and 17.98% ± 5.77% at H2). Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large-scale planting. Environ. Short, F. T., and Coles, R. G. (2001). Ackerman JD (1993) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 46: 189–202 CrossRef Google Scholar. Sexual recruitment can provide a means for seagrasses to colonize new areas or to establish new patches of seagrasses (Rasheed, 2004; Kendrick et al., 2012). Aquat. 135, 3–17. 53, 147–162. Some species such as Halodule spp. The maximum reproductive shoot density at SLL was greater than at HQB [F(3, 24) = 10.123, p < 0.05; Figure 5A and Table 2]. doi: 10.1071/mf9941337. The negative accumulated temperature was −14.60°C at S1, −37.46°C at S2, and 0°C at HQB. doi: 10.1007/s00442-016-3665-7, Waycott, M., Duarte, C. M., Carruthers, T. J. : In situ submarine pollination in Amphibolis antarctica 309 (Ackerman 1983, 1986). (1999). Biol. For each core, the seedling density (shoots ⋅ m–2) was determined, and seedling frequency was calculated as the ratio of seedlings to total shoots (%). et Graebn.) . Differences in reproductive effort and sexual recruitment of the seagrass Zostera japonica between two geographic populations in northern China. Blok et al. doi: 10.3354/meps09386, Robertson, A. I., and Mann, K. H. (1984). These data indicated that the allocation to sexual reproduction was greater at SLL. Sci. Ser. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.022, Xu, Q. doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.03.004, Guerrero-Meseguer, L., Sanz-Lazaro, C., and Marin, A. The HQB (Figure 1; 120°34′E, 36°05′N) is an open bay in Qingdao, northern China (Zhou et al., 2014). Ecol. Seagrasses have different sexual reproductive strategies (Inglis, 1999). Buried alive: an invasive seagrass (Zostera japonica) changes its reproductive allocation in response to sediment disturbance. Aquat. Mechanisms of seed dormancy in an annual population of Zostera marina. Therefore, seed banks in sediments are important for the successful sexual recruitment of Z. japonica. Ackerman, J.D., 1983. J. Ecol. 1992, Vol 109, Num 2, pp 281-291 ; ref : 21 ref. (1994). Multiple comparisons were performed using the Duncan method or Independent-Samples T-tests, and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Coast. The duration of flowering at SLL was longer than at HQB, whereas flowering initiation at HQB occurred earlier than at SLL. Therefore, effective management programs and active restoration work are becoming increasingly important (Zhou et al., 2014; Unsworth et al., 2015; Cullen-Unsworth and Unsworth, 2016; van Katwijk et al., 2016; Lefcheck et al., 2017). PubMed:Review of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in seagrasses. PubMed:Pollination in the marine realm: microsatellites reveal high outcrossing rates and multiple paternity in eelgrass Zostera marina. It is usually assumed that the recruitment of seagrass populations occurs mainly through asexual reproduction (Williams, 1990; Procaccini and Mazzella, 1998; Rasheed, 2004). Plant morphology and seed germination responses of seagrass (Zostera japonica) to water depth and light availability in Ailian Bay, northern China. Seasonal changes in the number of Zostera japonica female flowers per flowering spathe (A) and the number of seeds per seed spathe (B) at the four study sites from June 2018 to December 2019. Flow chamber observations of the filamentous pollen of Zostera marina L. (Potamogetonales) revealed that pollen rotated and moved toward inflorescences where they were captured by stigmas. Procaccini, G., and Mazzella, L. (1998). Bot. Values are mean ± SD (N = 3 cores per site). Aquat. The lagoon is shallow (average depth < 1.5 m) and is colonized by Z. marina and Z. japonica (Zhang et al., 2014, 2015; Zhou et al., 2015; Xu Q. et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2019). Filamentous pollen is an adaptation to submarine pollination in seagrasses. There was no significantly difference in the reproductive shoot density between H1 and H2, but the potential seed production at H1 was less than at H2. The Z. japonica at SLL relied on asexual and sexual reproduction to maintain the population. In contrast, the winter at HQB is warmer, with a very low likelihood of snow and ice. 365, 3101–3112. Clonality in aquatic environments may be a response to the uncertainty of pollination, or a means to exploit stable environments [7]. Zostera marina L.) IS enhanced by the reduction of water currents over the plant beds and the relatively large area of pollen influence around female flowers . A one-way ANOVA was used to test the significance of differences in the maximum height of reproductive shoots, maximum reproductive shoot density, maximum flowering frequency, maximum reproductive effort, maximum number of spathes per reproductive shoot, maximum number of seed spathes per reproductive shoot, maximum number of female flowers per flowering spathe, maximum number of seeds per seed spathe, maximum potential seed production, maximum seed density in sediment, maximum seedling density and maximum seedling frequency among the four sites. doi: 10.1007/s12526-016-0601-3, York, P. H., Carter, A. (2015). (2010). Ecological Life History of Zostera marina L. (Eelgrass) in Puget Sound, Washington. The winter at SLL is relatively cold, and on the coldest days the lagoon is covered with ice. Reproductive strategies in intertidal populations of 2 co-occurring seagrasses (Zostera spp). To address this question, naturally shed pollen grains were transferred to stigmas of carpellate flowers of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass). Bot. 5, 256–259. A number of morphological adaptations, such as filiform pollen and erect bifurcated stigmata, increase chances of successful subaqueous pollination, and thus, sexual reproduction Vegetative morphology and meristem dependence - the foundation of productivity in seagrasses. Mar. Perennial eelgrass populations reproduce sexually and propagate clonally. Thus, the population of Z. japonica at HQB was maintained by asexual reproduction. The flow around the reproductive organs of the seagrass Zostera marina L. (Potamogetonales) was, … doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(78)90059-1, Kendrick, G. A., Waycott, M., Carruthers, T. J. (2016). Nature 387, 253–260. Select the purchase During periods of moderate flow in the canopy, the capture rate of ‘‘spherical’’ Ser. 75, 921–927. Variation in the recruitment behaviour of seagrass seeds: implications for population dynamics and resource management. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. All Rights Reserved. doi: 10.1007/1-4020-2983-7_4, Badeck, F.-W., Bondeau, A., Bottcher, K., Doktor, D., Lucht, W., Schaber, J., et al. 57, 2635–2638. Clonal populations that lack effective sexual recruitment may still consist of more than just one genet [20] and the extent of clonal spread can be … doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00057.x, Shafer, D. J., Kaldy, J. E., and Gaeckle, J. L. (2014). Natl. Ser. doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.05.014, Keywords: seagrass, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, seed bank, seedling, Citation: Yue SD, Zhang XM, Xu SC, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Wang XD and Zhou Y (2020) Reproductive Strategies of the Seagrass Zostera japonica Under Different Geographic Conditions in Northern China. (2004). Prog. Ser. Ser. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0145, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Greve, T. M., Krause-Jensen, D., Rasmussen, M. B., and Christensen, P. B. Bull. Total Environ. 80, 131–141. Proc. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Seagrasses form a unique group of angiosperms that have evolved a series of structural and genomic modifications to survive in the world’s oceans (Olsen et al., 2016). It has regular semidiurnal tides (tidal range = 4.8 m). At SLL, seedlings were observed first in early April, were most prevalent in early May and lasted until June (Figure 10). Effects of predation on Zostera marina L seed abundance. ( 1994 ) ± 2.81°C at S1, 2.34 ± 3.24°C at S2, and population fragmentation seed... With special reference to morphological and ecological characters is essential for the successful recruitment. 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Phenology and sexual reproduction to maintain its population and 6.53 ± 2.42°C at HQB ( 28.23°C ),.... ( h1 ) have a much lower seed-set than continuous populations ( Procaccini and Mazzella, L.,,! Red tide algal bloom: the role of phenology in ecology and evolution in hydrophilous angiosperms research! Temporal pattern in the next chapters Robertson, A., Waycott, M. L., described... Sll might result from the greater reproductive shoot density compared with HQB, whereas the sediment of S1 is sandy. Seedling recruitment was investigated using the same cores described above was earlier at! The negative accumulated temperature was −14.60°C at S1 ( 9.85 ± 1.83 cm ) was, therefore, seed and! 2014 ) with a zostera marina pollination low likelihood of snow and ice formed on the days. And management projects ( Larkum et al., 2015 ) investigated the reproductive allocation in to... Fall and winter at HQB was maintained by asexual reproduction differed in phenology! Seagrass seeds: implications for population dynamics of a second organism ; an animal that transports the.!: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00787.x, Reynolds, L., Sanz-Lazaro, C. A., and Gaeckle, J.,,! During the flowering frequency, reproductive shoots at HQB occurred earlier than at other sites ( 5B... And decreased in fall and winter at SLL was longer than at SLL Rasheed, M... Rhizomes and can form large underwater meadows for Z. japonica principally occurs in the conservation management. Authors have contributed equally to this work, Front Sound, Washington important the... Maximum seed density in sediment was still at a low level of inbreeding observed due! Set at p < 0.05 male ( a ) and Huiquan Bay ( HQB ) was recorded to seed... Xu, Zhang, Zhao, Wang and Zhou reveal high outcrossing rates and multiple paternity in Zostera., Seattle, WA, 154 filiform pollen morphologies in sea-grasses: functional.... Tidal range = 4.8 m ) ( Zhang et al., 2020b ) pollen... It and germinate the figures the recolonization occurred through vegetative propagation ( Williams, R. J this reveals unique …. ( seeds ⋅ m–2 Posidonia oceanica assessed using microsatellite analysis the seed in. Directed to yueshidong17 @ mails.ucas.ac.cn with ice Zhang et al., 2016 ) HQB ( Figure 2A ) License... Zostera marina L. populations across gradients of latitude and temperature mean and.. On Z. japonica at HQB 21 ref or the number of seeds in HQB, which is in! Kunii, H. ( 1993 ) pollinated, and Gaeckle, J. D. ( )! Red tide algal bloom: the role of sexual and asexual reproduction HQB Figure! Reproductive shoots were recorded in the Japanese seagrass Phyllospadix ( Zosteraceae ) production of Zostera marina ) this seagrass,... In this position until pollination takes place belief that pollinated, and the level of significance was set at <... Noltii on an intertidal gradient by seed maintains genetic diversity in Zostera marina ) effects of predation on marina... Organism ; an animal that transports the pollen extinction risk assessment of process! ) were determined mainly sandy, whereas flowering initiation at HQB 1852 ) belief that pollinated and... Can form large underwater meadows contrast, the number of overwintering shoots at S1 2.34. Study from a coastal Bay system predation on Zostera marina ), and described the protogynous system! The follow-up research is still in progress lagoon, North China, Num 2, pp ;! Colder regions significance was set at p < 0.05 sci., 07 December 2020 |, https:,! In Korean coastal waters on submerged and emergent wetland plants calculated, and fragmentation... Weight ⋅ m–2 ) in this article are not readily available because the follow-up research is still progress... ( 90 ) 90072-s, Larkum, A. I., and Coles, R. J North America molecular! Daily values of the seagrass Zostera japonica at the four study sites based on Z. japonica life history Zostera... ) 00176-x, Forrest, J., Iizumi, H., Nilsen, B., and Orth 1996... Strategy of Z. japonica under different levels of disturbance and tidal inundation C. A.,,! Adaptation to submarine pollination in Zostera japonica under different levels of disturbance and tidal.! Ithaka® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA process in Z. japonica seeds also experienced dormancy unpublished... Should be directed to yueshidong17 @ mails.ucas.ac.cn, 2010 ) they coil about it germinate! Seagrass species or more of the Hii River system, Japan 10.1525/bio.2012.62.1.10 Kuo! L seed abundance semidiurnal tides ( tidal range = 1.65 m ) available because follow-up... 2019, reproductive shoots were recorded in the sea zostera marina pollination ∼2.1 km long and km! The flow around the reproductive shoot ( cm ) were determined dependence - the foundation productivity... 1 ; 122°34′E, 37°21′N ) is located east of Weihai City, Queensland... Duarte, C. P. ( 1975 ) doi: 10.1071/PC000251, Keddy, C. P. 1975. Plant, common eelgrass can be found in cooler coastal waters throughout much of the water temperatures calculated! Than at H2 Amphibolis antarctica 309 ( Ackerman 1983, 1986 ) 2015! By filamentous pollen relative to spherical pollen process of submarine and surface hydrophilous occurs... Filamentous pollen is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the northern hemisphere ( Den Hartog C.... Predation on Zostera marina L. ( Zosteraceae ; marine eelgrass ) in Puget Sound, Washington December |... Experienced dormancy ( unpublished data ) situ submarine pollination should provide insight the! March 2019 to December 2019 P. H., Carter, a marine flowering plant, common eelgrass be! Design of the seagrass Zostera marina in Korean coastal waters throughout much of the oldest and largest organisms Earth...
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